Ch2: Pronunciation
pronounciation
vowels
double vowels ('e' ext'd by 'i'; 'o' ext'd 'u')
syllables break down
stressing out
consonants [focus: D-F-R]
Ch4: Hiragana
sets
a, i, u e, o [no ten ten marks]
ka, ki, ku, ke, ko [ten ten mark -> G; ga, gi, gu, ge, go]
sa, shi, su, se, so [ten ten mark -> Z; za, ji, zu, ze, zo]
ta, chi, tsu, te, to [ten ten mark -> D; da, ji, zu, de, do]
na, ni, nu, ne, no [no ten ten marks]
Ch5: Hiragana
ha, hi, fu, he, ho [ten ten mark -> B; ba, bi, bu, be, bo][maru mark -> P; pa, pi, ou, pe, po]
ma, mi, mu, me, mo [no ten ten marks]
ya, yu, yo [no ten ten marks]
ra, ri, ru, re, ro [no ten ten marks]
wa, wo [no ten ten marks]
n [no ten ten marks]
double consonant (pause b4 saying the next half)
double consonant of 'n' (use aprostophy)
two character combinations
Ch6: Greet
whispered vs non-whispered
honorific 'O'
katakana (used for English words)
Ch7: Verb
verb always goes on last
formula: A=B
(pos) desu, deshita
(neg) dewa arimasen, dewa arimasen deshita
Ch8: Home
Ch9: Numbers
Ch10: Times and Seasons
youbi (day suffix)
shuu (week suffix)
getsu (suffix)
gatsu (suffix)
nen (year suffix)
toshi (year suffix)
mai (every ~ prefix)
desu NE? (isn't it?)
Ch11: Set Phrases
Ch12: Questions and Ka
desu KA? (???)
sou (that way/so)
nan / nani (what?)
Ch13: Town
ya (store suffix)
yasan (person who works at store)
Ch14: Subjects and Wa
hito
tachi (people pluralizer)
san
particle WA (uses HA in hirigana)
formula: As for A, it is B.
formula: A wa B desu.
past tense
past tense (pos/neg) desu
Ch15: Food
like/dislike suki/kirai
favourite
Ch16: Demonstratives
The 5 Ws
K-A-S-D
kore (this one)
sore (that one)
are (that one over there)
dare (which one?)
Ch17:
sensei (suffix applied to title in respect positions eg. doc)
nensei (suffix for year students)
sei (suffix for student)
gakkou
yonen
go (suffix for language of country)
shin (suffix for person from a country)
Ch18:
in this order: earth > country > city
male, female, person, child, woman, boy
Ch19:
desu
masu (pos), mashita (past pos), masen (neg), masen deshita (past neg)
masu used as an answer in responding to questions asked of you
te form used with kudasai
add time element to avoid ambuiguity b/n present & future
be explicit and add 'wa' as to who is doing the activity
mashou (Let's)
Ch20:
'Ni' attaches to the end of the word/phrase it marks
JPY is postpositional language
'No' comes 1st before 'Ni'. eg. anota no heya ni
'doko ni'
time element and 'Ni' eg. doyoubi ni gakkou ni ikimasen
Ch21:
object marker 'wo'
eg. the cat didn't eat its food. subject/topic: cat; object: food; and action: didn't eat
'wo' is also used in front of kudasai used to request things.
eg. watashi wa orenji juusu wo nomimasu.
eg. kono mizu wo watashi wa nomimasu.
nani eg. (J)san wa nani wo tabemashita ka
un (yeah)
nani ka (something)
yo (new info marker)
time elements do not need 'wo' or 'wa' markers.
Ch22:
arimasu [atte] ( inanimate item exists)
imasu [ite] (animate item exist)
formula: X ga arimasu / imasu = there is an X.
eg. daidokoro ni inu ga imasu.
doko eg. sensei wa doko ni imasu ka
to (and / with)
ya (and, etc.)
Ch23
chan (diminuitive name suffix)
Ch24
kan (suffix for hall)
kaimono ni ikimasu (to go shopping)
Ch25:
Ch30: Adjectives
True adj (ends in letter "i") / fake adj colours /pseudo-adj
True Adj before the noun to modify it.
True Adj have power to conjugate like verbs.
Adj and a verb is a complete sentence.
FAKE Adj be used in a sentence, we use "of" (の no) for colours, use (なna) for others. Thus cannot conjugate like a True Adj.
[PAST TENSE Adj]
(Pres) i/ (Neg) kunai
(Past) katta/ (Neg) kunai katta
eg. Black = Kuroi
kuroi/kuro kunai
kuro katta/kuro kunai katta
Ch31: More Adjectives
takai (tall /expensive)
hikui (low in height, not applicable for use for 'low price', use yasui instead)
yasui (cheap)
hiroi/semai = spacious/cramped (ookii heya is a no no. use hiroi heya instead)
ii (good)
yoi (ancient style of the word good used in conjugating to negative/past)
Ch32: Body and Health
formulas:
[body] ga [adj] phrase.
[condition] ga arimasu.
as for M, the arms are long. M wa ude ga nagai desu ne. (not using possessive 'no' char)
atama ga ii / warui (head is good/bad)
hana ga takai NOT hana ga ookii. Don't say big nose, say tall nose.
hana ga hikui. (low/short nose)
kami no ke (head hair, std, also 'ke' can be used all over body. eg. leg hair = ashi no ke)
se (stature used with takai/hikui)
itai (painful). eg. my arm hurts = atama ga itai.
guai (condition)
hikimasu (catch a/to pull/infected)
genki (healthy)
byouki (full on ill). if not feeling well USE Guai ga warui/Chotto ga warui.
byounin (sick person)
seki (cough)
hanamizu (runny nose)
agarimasu (rise in condition)
sagarimasu (go down in condition)
demasu (come out)
kamimasu (blow 1's nose)
chuusha (injection) wa chuusha wo ukemasshita. (counter -hon)
nomimasu (take tablet medicine with water). wa kusuri wo nomimashita.
-do (~times). ichi do, ni do, san do. 1 time, two times, three times.
soshite (then, after that...)
takusan (a lot) eg.takusan no X.
Ch33: The Progressive Tenses
-te form verb + imasu/imashita/imasen/imasen deshita
shirimasu/shitte (know/learn) eg. sono hito wo shifimasen. i don't know that person.
Ch34: Clothing
wafuku (jpy clothing)
youfuku (western clothing/casual)
kimasu/kitte (wear in upper body) incl.robes.
hakimasu/hite (wear in low body)
kaburimasu/kabutte (wear on the head)
hamemasu/hamete (wear around waist, hands, etc)
shimasu (wear earring, necktie, scarf)
ii desu ne (that sounds nice, that looks good, i like that idea)
tanoshimi ni shimasu (look forward to)
Ch35: De
[1] DE, -te form of desu, used to join two sentences.
change the 1st desu into de. cannot just string any two sentences together. the second sentence needs to related to the first sentence.
[2] DE = by the means of X.
eg. kuruma de = by car.
eg. denwa de hanashita = spoke by phone.
eg. M wa eigo de hanashimasu. M spks English
DE is used to indicate action/place of action, whereas ni is used to indicate existence used
with sitting/standing only.
DE eg. M wa eki de shinbun wo yomimashita. M read the nsp @ the Stn.
NI eg. kuroma no naka ni suwatte imasu. She is sitting inside the car.
DEWA
eg. Nihon dewa = as for in Japan.
Used at the start of a conversation followed by a comment or remark.
-shuu (suffix for states/unit of lands)
eg.washinton-shuu kara shiatoru made. from washington until (to) seattle.
Ch36: At Work
shigoto (work, the concept) eg. what do you do for work?
shigoba (work, the place, physical location)
arubaito (P/T job)
kyuuryou (1's pay) eg. kyuuryou ga ii. pay is good.
hatarakimasu/hataraite (to work)
sarariiman (office worker/salary man)
eg. soni-de hataraite imasu. I work at sony.
eg. doko de hataraite imasu. Where do you work?
*reminder you can use -ya, -yasan.
jyuugouin (employee)
douryou (colleague)
shachou (president of Co.)
buchou (dept head)
~bu (~dept)
bumon (generic word for unspecified dept)
kachou (section head)
~ka (~section)
Objected being waited on is marked with WO. eg. M wa J wo moachimashita. M waited for J.
Ch37: Optatives
Express the 'I want' go and transform the verb into its optative form.
[1] Drop the -masu ending
[2] Add -tai
Formula:
[Someone] wants to [verb]
Skip watashi when using this kind of verb in sentence.
eg. yomitai. I want to read.
eg. ikitai. I want to go.
eg. sou ikitai? Do you want to go?
eg. eigo wo mitai? Do you want to see a movie?
Since -tai is similiar True Adj as in it ends with 'i' in Hiragana, therefore it can conjugate into
-takatta/-takunai/-takunai katta.
Commonly -tai used with 'wo' but if used with 'ga' it is treated as an Adj.
Ch38: Adverbs
Stand alone units. Best to place adverbs near verb.
True Adj end with 'i' can be change to end with 'ku'.
eg.takai (high) = takau = highly.
eg.ii (good) = yoi = よく yoku = well.
eg.sugoku ookii. incredibly big.
eg.sugoku oishii. incredibly tasty.
よく Yoku = often. [Used in present tense]
eg.yoku hanashimashita. I spoke often.
Pseudo-Adj turned into adverbs by adding 'ni'.
eg. hontou ni. really.
eg. tashika ni. certainly.
eg. zettai ni. actually.
Ch39: Weather
[X] ga [verb]
furimasu/futte (to fall)
haremasu/harete (to clear up)
kumorimasu/kumotte (to cloud up)
osoimasu/osotte (attack)
JPY style: rain falls, snow fall, hail falls.
eg.ame ga furimasu.
eg. ima ame ga futte imasu.
Describing storm/typhoon/tornado/tsunami use - [X] ga [kimasu]. will come.
- [X] ga [kite imasu]. coming
- [x] ga [town] wo osoimashita. something attacked some town.
Earthquake.
Kinou jishin ga arimashita. There was an earthquake yesterday.
